MOLECULAR ARTICLES

This document is not for the general visitor to this site. It is mainly for google webmaster verification so that we can serve you better.

Chelators otherwise called chelants, chelating agents or sequestering agents, are substances or compounds that bind to metal ions to form stable and water-soluble complexes that can easily be excreted from the body system. If you may recall metabolism of drugs in Pharmacology or Toxicology, you will realize that the whole purpose of metabolism of drugs is to change them from the hydrophobic (water-hating) state which can easy be absorbed by body cells into the more hydrophilic (water-loving) ones that can easily be excreted by the body. This is based on the fact that cells are surrounded by very hydrophobic structures. These structures only allow hydrophobic molecules or at least very tiny hydrophilic molecules to penetrate. As such chelators are used for heavy metal poisoning such as Iron, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, et cetera. They are also known to work for common medical problems such as cardiovascular diseases. This presentation will define chelators, give their classifications, examples and what they are used for.

Any error in cellular processes will result into dis-ease. This therefore makes the understanding of the roles the cell membrane plays in cellular processes very crucial to molecular biologists as we attempt to solve the current flow of disease in human beings. This particular presentation is a mile stone advantage to you as a scientist as it tries to elaborate the topic of cellular processes and diseases that result. Among the many diseases that can result from faults in cell membrane processes, this presentation addresses; Auto-immunity, Cancer, Diabetes and Neural Degeneration.

This article is an except from the assignment presented to the school of Natural Science, Bugema University Uganda. It attempts to give a comprehensive understanding about the use of model organisms in research. Model organisms are a group of species of organisms that have been studied extensively, largely because they are easy to maintain under controlled laboratory conditions. The reason for them being studied is usually because they possess a number of experimental advantages. “The word model has many meanings, but in science, a model is a simplified system that is accessible and easily manipulated. A model organism is an animal, plant or microbe that can be used to study certain biological processes” (NIGMs, 2017).

Population genetics is a branch of genetics that involves the study of the frequency of particular alleles or traits in a population. Among its many crucial components, population genetics involves the principle of the Hardy-Weinberg theory or equilibrium as other authors may ascribe to the theory. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that the allele frequencies in a population remain constant from one generation to the next. This principle helps predict the probability of off-springs to inherit particular traits in a population. Note that the information in this particular article is not originally owned by the website nor the author. It is compiled from various authors and experts whom you can find by searching on google.

Variations as the word may suggest refers to differences among organisms of the same species due to the differences in the genes they inherit and the environment they survive in. Variation may be shown in physical appearance, metabolism, fertility, mode of reproduction, behavior, learning and mental ability, and other obvious or measurable characters. Variations come with their own package of advantages and disadvantages... Note however that the information you are about to read is not originally owned by this website nor the author. It is a compilation of various articles and papers written by more experienced scientists. Such information can be found simply by searching on the google search engine.

Cells communicate with each other in order to maintain proper coordination among the body systems of the organism. This phenomenon is termed as cell signalling or cell communication as other authors may ascribe to it. What is much interesting about this phenomenon however is how the signals are transmitted from the extracellular surrounding of the cells and down into the intracellular environment. Every signalling pathway is triggered when a ligand (signalling molecule) binds to a receptor to form the ligand-receptor complex. In this particular presentation, Muunda Mudenda, an undergraduate student of Biochemistry at Bugema University, Kampala Uganda, labors to explain the mechanism of action of one of the cell surface receptors known as the G-protein receptors, otherwise termed as the G-protein coupled receptors.

TRANSCRIPTION is the first step of the central dogma. The central dogma is a master piece phenomenon in describing gene expression and how cells control various of their activities. Transcription is the copying of a particular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) segment into a transfer nucleic acid called ribonucleic acid (RNA). The process of transcription is very important as it is responsible for the formation of the various RNA types including; messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. It involves various enzymes such as; helicase, topoisomerase, ligase, primase, etc..

Normal body functioning all depends on proper co-ordination of the cells of various tissues and organs of the organism. Cell signalling can briefly be described as the communication between cells, among cells or within the cell (s). It is a very important aspect of biology in the modern scientific age as it has helped bring clear understanding about the functioning of the human body and it has lead to a mass discovery of solutions to many of the health complication that affect human health.

Photosynthesis is a very important metabolic process carried out by photosynthetic plants. This process has proven crucial to all aspects of living organisms. It uses raw material such as CO2 and water to produce very crucial products, oxygen and carbohydrates....

Oxidative phosphorylation is an important aspect of energy production in the mitochondria of the cell. It marks the end of a cell’s aerobic respiration process. By definition oxidative phosphorylation is the release of energy as the result of the transfer of electrons from a high concentration (NADH or FADH2) to oxygen, O2, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. This process occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are transferred from one electron protein carrier to another until to the O2 leading to the production of ATP (an energy carrier). Oxidative phosphorylation is said to be responsible for 90% of the ATP (26 out of the 30 ATP molecules) produced in the cell.